1 00:00:00,695 --> 00:00:02,412 I think we really are all asleep. 2 00:00:04,363 --> 00:00:07,396 What we're seeing here is a defining moment for the human race. 3 00:00:09,126 --> 00:00:12,553 Just today I read a report - little teeny report in the newspaper - 4 00:00:12,996 --> 00:00:15,470 it was the most significant piece of information 5 00:00:16,387 --> 00:00:19,218 - sober information - the human race has ever had, and it was this big. 6 00:00:19,796 --> 00:00:22,584 And what the report said is that the Arctic 7 00:00:23,316 --> 00:00:24,904 is going to have open waters 8 00:00:25,452 --> 00:00:27,501 in 20 years in the summer. 9 00:00:28,123 --> 00:00:29,833 We need to understand what that means. 10 00:00:30,523 --> 00:00:33,064 There's never been open waters there in 3 million years. 11 00:00:33,852 --> 00:00:37,150 We are seeing a cataclysmic shift 12 00:00:37,876 --> 00:00:39,575 in the climate of this planet 13 00:00:40,055 --> 00:00:41,796 in real-time right now. 14 00:00:42,276 --> 00:00:44,295 And if our scientists are right, 15 00:00:45,427 --> 00:00:49,107 we may see within 30-40 years, maybe a century at the most, 16 00:00:49,686 --> 00:00:52,486 the potential demise of our species. 17 00:00:53,500 --> 00:00:54,658 We’re really asleep, 18 00:00:56,098 --> 00:00:57,427 all across the world. 19 00:00:57,870 --> 00:00:59,612 So I think we're at a pivotal point. 20 00:01:00,369 --> 00:01:04,172 We have three crises right now that are feeding off of each other 21 00:01:04,283 --> 00:01:06,369 and they put us in the middle of a perfect storm. 22 00:01:06,775 --> 00:01:08,295 First the economic meltdown. 23 00:01:08,744 --> 00:01:10,461 Second the energy crisis. 24 00:01:10,830 --> 00:01:14,356 Third, the real-time impacts of climate change now in agriculture, 25 00:01:14,849 --> 00:01:16,350 our ability to feed ourselves. 26 00:01:17,286 --> 00:01:18,627 The economic meltdown... 27 00:01:19,655 --> 00:01:22,646 Let me say I disagree with some of my colleagues on this. 28 00:01:22,996 --> 00:01:24,775 This is not a financial meltdown 29 00:01:25,150 --> 00:01:28,658 or simply a bank crisis or deregulation of the market crisis. 30 00:01:28,867 --> 00:01:29,975 That's the result. 31 00:01:30,541 --> 00:01:32,800 Unless we understand the crisis we can't begin to understand 32 00:01:32,910 --> 00:01:35,409 the enormity of what we're presented with here. 33 00:01:35,840 --> 00:01:37,483 Here's what people have to know. 34 00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:41,095 President Obama's bailout program for the United States of America 35 00:01:41,220 --> 00:01:42,566 is $2 trillion. 36 00:01:43,163 --> 00:01:46,135 The total accumulated household debt in my country today 37 00:01:46,381 --> 00:01:49,735 is $15 trillion - we’re broke. 38 00:01:49,969 --> 00:01:51,390 So the whole base of globalization - 39 00:01:51,501 --> 00:01:54,689 American purchasing power saves the world and raises everyone's boat - 40 00:01:54,836 --> 00:01:55,889 it's over. 41 00:01:56,640 --> 00:01:59,981 This second Industrial Revolution is clearly on life supports. 42 00:02:00,326 --> 00:02:02,830 The technology’s old, the infrastructure’s old, 43 00:02:03,292 --> 00:02:05,187 the productivity is senescent. 44 00:02:05,556 --> 00:02:07,347 So that's crisis number 1. 45 00:02:07,956 --> 00:02:10,486 The second crisis that feeds off of that is energy, 46 00:02:10,596 --> 00:02:12,676 because the second assumption of globalization 47 00:02:13,249 --> 00:02:16,393 [is] cheap energy. So take your capital to cheap labor markets in Asia 48 00:02:16,750 --> 00:02:20,793 and elsewhere, let them produce the food and the manufactured goods 49 00:02:20,904 --> 00:02:23,230 and then ship it back, because energy's cheap. 50 00:02:24,110 --> 00:02:26,240 The problem is when oil went over $50 a barrel 51 00:02:26,350 --> 00:02:29,316 something interesting happened: inflation started to rear up 52 00:02:29,526 --> 00:02:31,784 from the food prices to petrol. 53 00:02:32,535 --> 00:02:35,686 When oil hit $147 a barrel in July of 2008, 54 00:02:35,870 --> 00:02:37,181 that's when the crisis hit. 55 00:02:37,421 --> 00:02:41,076 You'll recall the entire economic engine of globalization collapse in July 56 00:02:41,643 --> 00:02:43,040 at $147 a barrel, 57 00:02:43,396 --> 00:02:47,132 because the inflation was so high in all the prices, people stop purchasing. 58 00:02:47,636 --> 00:02:50,276 Then, the crisis hit 60 days later 59 00:02:50,381 --> 00:02:52,603 because you couldn't maintain that 60 00:02:53,483 --> 00:02:56,141 delusionary credit-based debt culture 61 00:02:56,436 --> 00:02:57,944 when the engine stops. 62 00:02:58,104 --> 00:03:01,809 Then the financial markets collapsed 60 days later. 63 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:03,649 [Interviewer] - They're connected. - They're connected, and of course 64 00:03:03,753 --> 00:03:05,513 what I think people need to realize is: 65 00:03:05,673 --> 00:03:07,698 everything is based on fossil fuels. 66 00:03:08,110 --> 00:03:11,969 Our petrochemical fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture, 67 00:03:12,369 --> 00:03:15,698 almost all of our pharmaceutical products are fossil-fuel based, 68 00:03:16,430 --> 00:03:18,166 virtually all our clothes, 69 00:03:19,113 --> 00:03:22,861 our power, transport, heat and light, all of our construction materials. 70 00:03:23,027 --> 00:03:24,763 The entire civilization 71 00:03:25,003 --> 00:03:29,249 was built off the carbon composites of the Jurassic age. 72 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:31,969 And now that price for oil is going up. 73 00:03:32,116 --> 00:03:34,326 Gas shadows oil, coal shadows gas, 74 00:03:34,578 --> 00:03:36,123 uranium all shadow each other. 75 00:03:36,424 --> 00:03:38,744 So when we hit 147 a barrel last year, 76 00:03:39,015 --> 00:03:41,636 the inflation was in all the prices across the supply chain. 77 00:03:41,926 --> 00:03:42,960 The engine turned off, 78 00:03:43,200 --> 00:03:45,304 energy prices went down because no one was using it. 79 00:03:45,655 --> 00:03:48,043 This is what I call peak globalization. 80 00:03:48,621 --> 00:03:51,612 We now know the outer limits of globalization 81 00:03:51,858 --> 00:03:53,610 based on these conventional energies. 82 00:03:53,784 --> 00:03:55,610 The energies are clearly sunsetting. 83 00:03:56,172 --> 00:03:58,295 I don't think anyone listening to me now believes 84 00:03:58,492 --> 00:04:01,120 that coal, oil, gas and uranium are sunrise energies. 85 00:04:01,378 --> 00:04:02,412 They're sunsetting. 86 00:04:02,560 --> 00:04:05,372 the whole infrastructure built from them is on life support, 87 00:04:05,735 --> 00:04:09,273 and now the energy, when it hits 147 a barrel, 88 00:04:09,495 --> 00:04:10,929 that's the outer wall of globalization - 89 00:04:11,033 --> 00:04:13,932 it'll continue to collapse every time we get the price up that high. 90 00:04:14,086 --> 00:04:16,849 Crisis 3 is the real-time impacts of climate change. 91 00:04:17,218 --> 00:04:19,489 We're paying the entropy bill - not a metaphor. 92 00:04:19,766 --> 00:04:23,833 That spent CO2 is entropy, and the methane and the nitrous oxide. 93 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:29,846 It is much worse than the public is being told. Much worse. 94 00:04:30,006 --> 00:04:33,618 But what I realize in the last 30 years is we all got it wrong. 95 00:04:34,676 --> 00:04:37,643 We continue to underestimate the speed of climate change, 96 00:04:37,920 --> 00:04:40,646 because we continued in our hubris not to understand 97 00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:43,760 the subtle feedback loops that trigger the next stage. 98 00:04:44,184 --> 00:04:47,809 It's moving so much faster than we thought. For example, 99 00:04:48,529 --> 00:04:52,793 when you look at the fourth UN climate change report in 2007 - 100 00:04:53,126 --> 00:04:55,329 2500 scientists, 125 countries - 101 00:04:55,920 --> 00:05:00,492 it's light years different in its projections than the third report in 2001. 102 00:05:00,940 --> 00:05:03,390 Because in 2001 we thought the glaciers were going to melt 103 00:05:03,501 --> 00:05:06,135 on our great mountain ranges maybe in the 22nd century. 104 00:05:06,443 --> 00:05:08,652 The fourth report in 2007 says 105 00:05:08,861 --> 00:05:11,329 they're melting in real-time across every mountain range. 106 00:05:11,980 --> 00:05:15,950 In the next 30, 40, 50 years, we‘ll lose over 60% of the glaciers. 107 00:05:16,707 --> 00:05:18,280 This is not about skiing. 108 00:05:19,020 --> 00:05:21,476 1 out of every 6 human beings relies on those glaciers 109 00:05:21,581 --> 00:05:24,116 for their water, irrigation, sanitation. 110 00:05:24,276 --> 00:05:27,901 How do we repopulate a sixth of the world's population in 40 years? 111 00:05:28,209 --> 00:05:30,886 The third report in 2001 you’ll recall, 112 00:05:31,304 --> 00:05:34,646 said look to the Gulf of Mexico, we'll see more intense hurricane activity 113 00:05:34,750 --> 00:05:38,461 from the heating up of the waters in the planet by the 22nd century. 114 00:05:38,916 --> 00:05:41,987 The fourth report - Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike, 115 00:05:42,135 --> 00:05:43,980 we are in real-time climate change, 116 00:05:44,135 --> 00:05:45,987 with double the intensity of hurricanes: 117 00:05:46,090 --> 00:05:48,030 categories 3’s, 4’s and 5’s. 118 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:49,790 And actually it's not academic. 119 00:05:50,086 --> 00:05:52,738 If you live in the Gulf Coast, from Florida to Texas, 120 00:05:52,966 --> 00:05:56,233 during hurricane season every home has the weather dialed, 121 00:05:56,430 --> 00:05:59,335 TV dial on: is another hurricane coming? 122 00:05:59,470 --> 00:06:01,581 Is this it? Do we evacuate? 123 00:06:01,852 --> 00:06:04,769 They can't even get insurance anywhere on the coast, for their homes. 124 00:06:05,396 --> 00:06:07,335 The third report, the Arctic, 125 00:06:07,560 --> 00:06:10,627 said the Arctic may begin to see open waters sometime 126 00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:12,572 in the mid-22nd century. 127 00:06:13,378 --> 00:06:15,815 The fourth report, and the new report this week, 128 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:20,221 open waters, clear, in the summer 20 years now, 129 00:06:21,015 --> 00:06:22,615 after millions of years. 130 00:06:22,953 --> 00:06:26,135 So this is moving much quicker because of all the feedback loops. 131 00:06:27,009 --> 00:06:29,895 The projections now is a 3 degrees Celsius rise in temperature 132 00:06:30,006 --> 00:06:31,520 but that's looking optimistic. 133 00:06:32,061 --> 00:06:35,895 But every parent should understand what 3 degrees means in this century. 134 00:06:36,258 --> 00:06:38,258 If we go up 3 degrees in this century, 135 00:06:38,787 --> 00:06:41,969 that takes us back to the temperature on Earth 3 million years ago. 136 00:06:42,855 --> 00:06:45,286 Human beings have only been here 175,000 years; 137 00:06:45,530 --> 00:06:46,744 we’re the youngest species. 138 00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:49,335 If we go 2 to 3 degrees - 139 00:06:49,950 --> 00:06:53,932 and that's looking super-optimistic, we'd have to radically change civilization - 140 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:57,286 at 2 to 3 degrees the UN climate panel reports 141 00:06:57,600 --> 00:07:00,006 models show that we lose on the bottom end, 142 00:07:00,221 --> 00:07:03,372 maybe 20-25% of all the plant and animal life on Earth. 143 00:07:03,667 --> 00:07:06,418 On the top end, wipeout: 70% 144 00:07:06,775 --> 00:07:09,415 of all the assessed species - gone. 145 00:07:09,987 --> 00:07:14,621 Now, we have had 5 waves of biological extinction on Earth 146 00:07:14,855 --> 00:07:18,276 in the last 450 million years, in the geological record. 147 00:07:18,781 --> 00:07:20,880 Every time there was a mass extinction, 148 00:07:21,372 --> 00:07:24,627 it took 10 million years to recover the biodiversity we lost. 149 00:07:24,744 --> 00:07:27,649 As my wife says we're not grasping the enormity of this moment; 150 00:07:27,981 --> 00:07:29,267 it’s eluding us. 151 00:07:31,378 --> 00:07:34,369 And it’s worse now than we thought it was a year ago. 152 00:07:35,156 --> 00:07:38,326 For example, in the fourth assessment report 153 00:07:39,138 --> 00:07:43,803 they mentioned the permafrost as a potential problem in Siberia - no studies in. 154 00:07:44,676 --> 00:07:46,855 Now the studies are coming in and we're terrified, 155 00:07:47,760 --> 00:07:51,175 because Siberia is all covered with frost. 156 00:07:51,581 --> 00:07:52,984 Under the frost is a time bomb: 157 00:07:53,113 --> 00:07:55,532 it's all the carbon deposits from the pre-ice age. 158 00:07:55,778 --> 00:07:58,541 Because that was a teaming grassland full of animal and plant life. 159 00:07:58,849 --> 00:08:02,892 And when the climate tips it tips very quickly in a few years. 160 00:08:03,132 --> 00:08:04,683 It tipped way back when, 161 00:08:04,923 --> 00:08:06,960 and all that carbon was captured under the ice. 162 00:08:07,335 --> 00:08:09,747 The ice is melting, across Siberia. 163 00:08:10,100 --> 00:08:11,581 Carbon is coming up as CO2 164 00:08:11,698 --> 00:08:13,766 and on the lake beds it’s coming up methane, 165 00:08:13,956 --> 00:08:15,963 which is 23 times more potent. 166 00:08:16,332 --> 00:08:19,661 And there's more carbon underneath there than all the tropical rain forests - 167 00:08:19,772 --> 00:08:23,187 it's all going up into the atmosphere, it is a ticking time bomb. 168 00:08:23,513 --> 00:08:25,600 And the Journal of Nature this year said it’s accelerating 169 00:08:25,710 --> 00:08:27,827 6 times faster than we thought 12 months ago; 170 00:08:27,987 --> 00:08:29,520 that's just one feedback loop! 171 00:08:30,320 --> 00:08:34,080 So let me end this part of the discussion with this thought. 172 00:08:34,190 --> 00:08:37,532 James Hansen is our chief climatologist in the United States government. 173 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:40,873 He's the head of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. 174 00:08:41,975 --> 00:08:46,424 So in Brussels, the EU was going to Copenhagen, 175 00:08:46,620 --> 00:08:49,181 hoping to talk the world into mitigating carbon 176 00:08:49,292 --> 00:08:52,516 at 450 parts per million, by 2050. 177 00:08:52,763 --> 00:08:55,187 And nobody wants to play that game. Nobody. 178 00:08:55,550 --> 00:08:57,741 Even Obama, who we had high hopes for. 179 00:08:58,461 --> 00:09:02,098 Their goal by 2020, based on 1990 levels, 180 00:09:02,203 --> 00:09:04,880 is a 4% reduction in global warming. 181 00:09:05,815 --> 00:09:08,215 The EU, at 1990 levels, is at 20%. 182 00:09:08,449 --> 00:09:10,781 So the Obama administration is nowhere to be seen here. 183 00:09:11,267 --> 00:09:15,267 But even if we go to Copenhagen and try to get it to 450 ppm, 184 00:09:15,372 --> 00:09:18,227 the EU says that would maybe keep us at two degrees. 185 00:09:18,578 --> 00:09:20,603 Devastating, but we may survive. 186 00:09:21,212 --> 00:09:23,040 Then James Hansen comes along. 187 00:09:23,298 --> 00:09:26,270 His team goes under the oceans and they looked at the core 188 00:09:26,449 --> 00:09:28,270 samples in the geological record, 189 00:09:28,510 --> 00:09:30,633 and he said to Brussels: you got it wrong. 190 00:09:31,120 --> 00:09:34,473 Because if you try to get the world to mitigate to 450 carbon ppm, 191 00:09:34,584 --> 00:09:35,766 which no one wants to do, 192 00:09:36,289 --> 00:09:39,778 you go up 6 degrees Celsius in this century and this is a quote: 193 00:09:40,369 --> 00:09:43,329 “The end of human civilization as we’ve come to know it.” 194 00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:46,147 That’s the chief climatologist for the United States government. 195 00:09:46,566 --> 00:09:47,950 I hope he’s wrong. 196 00:09:48,196 --> 00:09:50,516 My suspicion is that scientists not only are not wrong, 197 00:09:50,695 --> 00:09:52,750 they keep underestimating the speed of this. 198 00:09:53,015 --> 00:09:56,775 So, we have this triple threat: 199 00:09:57,150 --> 00:09:58,670 a global economic meltdown, 200 00:09:58,898 --> 00:10:01,076 the second Industrial Revolution clearly on life support 201 00:10:01,212 --> 00:10:03,070 (it's old technology, old infrastructure), 202 00:10:03,575 --> 00:10:07,089 we have an energy crisis (at 147 a barrel the engine turns off), 203 00:10:07,446 --> 00:10:09,636 we've got real-time impacts of climate change, 204 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:11,864 and the UN says we have upwards of a billion people on 205 00:10:12,553 --> 00:10:13,860 the verge of starvation. 206 00:10:14,658 --> 00:10:16,861 I've never seen a moment like this in history. 207 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:18,750 There is no moment like this. 208 00:10:19,220 --> 00:10:19,920 So... 209 00:10:21,704 --> 00:10:24,036 we need to ask the question: what do we do? 210 00:10:25,895 --> 00:10:27,956 And what is missing from Copenhagen 211 00:10:28,535 --> 00:10:30,516 is we need an economic vision, 212 00:10:30,972 --> 00:10:32,498 an economic game plan, 213 00:10:32,775 --> 00:10:35,600 for the whole human race, everyone on the same page, 214 00:10:36,036 --> 00:10:39,261 that may give us the precious time we need 215 00:10:39,753 --> 00:10:41,993 to move into a new post-carbon world. 216 00:10:42,410 --> 00:10:44,676 The first question we need to ask is: when did the great 217 00:10:44,780 --> 00:10:47,427 economic revolutions in history happen? How do they occur? 218 00:10:48,695 --> 00:10:50,707 They occur when two things happen. 219 00:10:51,046 --> 00:10:54,036 First, we change the way we organize the energy of the Earth, 220 00:10:54,150 --> 00:10:56,246 and we've done that in many occasions 221 00:10:57,298 --> 00:10:59,372 in our small sojourn here as human beings. 222 00:10:59,772 --> 00:11:01,378 But second and equally important, 223 00:11:01,636 --> 00:11:03,544 we have a communication revolution 224 00:11:03,810 --> 00:11:06,350 that allows us to manage the new energy revolutions. 225 00:11:06,970 --> 00:11:09,335 It is those infrequent moments in history 226 00:11:09,446 --> 00:11:12,984 where energy and communication revolutions converge, when they come together, 227 00:11:13,409 --> 00:11:16,763 those are the pivotal points in history: they change the human equation, 228 00:11:16,941 --> 00:11:19,341 they even change consciousness. I'll give you an example. 229 00:11:21,340 --> 00:11:23,544 Many people take an anthropology course at the university 230 00:11:23,667 --> 00:11:26,043 and they study the Sumerians of Mesopotamia. 231 00:11:26,449 --> 00:11:31,156 Why? They created the first urban life and the beginning of civilization. 232 00:11:31,784 --> 00:11:36,344 They captured the Sun in photosynthesis in cereal crops: barley and wheat. 233 00:11:36,516 --> 00:11:40,276 That stored Sun in the grain was energy; it built an urban civilization. 234 00:11:40,787 --> 00:11:41,803 It was complicated 235 00:11:41,913 --> 00:11:44,707 because before that time people lived in small tribal units: 236 00:11:45,316 --> 00:11:47,470 garden agriculture and pastoralism. 237 00:11:47,815 --> 00:11:49,544 All of a sudden they had to bring them together 238 00:11:50,061 --> 00:11:52,683 and indenture thousands of men to build those canals. 239 00:11:53,360 --> 00:11:57,089 Then they had to create craft skills to create the dikes and the mechanics. 240 00:11:57,667 --> 00:12:01,778 They had to put together graineries, royal roads and distribution systems. 241 00:12:02,490 --> 00:12:05,181 So hydraulic agriculture was extremely complicated 242 00:12:05,292 --> 00:12:07,883 and required a communication revolution to manage it. 243 00:12:08,289 --> 00:12:10,873 The Sumerians invented cuneiform: writing. 244 00:12:11,670 --> 00:12:14,898 Everywhere you see these great hydraulic agriculture civilizations - 245 00:12:15,009 --> 00:12:18,756 in the Middle East, the Indus Valley in India, the Yangtze in China, Mexico - 246 00:12:19,513 --> 00:12:22,387 it's fascinating: independently humans created some form of writing 247 00:12:22,572 --> 00:12:24,375 to manage hydraulic agriculture. 248 00:12:24,861 --> 00:12:27,741 That's the agricultural age: 10,000 year multiplier effect. 249 00:12:27,870 --> 00:12:29,390 In the 1820s 250 00:12:30,061 --> 00:12:33,772 we introduced steam technology into print, so it wasn't just manual. 251 00:12:34,060 --> 00:12:36,603 It was linotype, rotary steam technology - 252 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:40,670 allowed us to really create cheap, mass-produced efficient print. 253 00:12:41,550 --> 00:12:43,070 Then, in America and Europe 254 00:12:43,187 --> 00:12:45,698 between 1830 in 1880, around that same time, 255 00:12:45,950 --> 00:12:48,547 we introduced public schools: mass literacy. 256 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,698 And we prepared a communication revolution and a workforce 257 00:12:51,938 --> 00:12:55,729 that was literate, that could then manage coal, steam and rail, 258 00:12:55,981 --> 00:12:58,467 and the complexities of the first Industrial Revolution. 259 00:12:58,873 --> 00:13:02,147 We could not have organized it in oral culture and with codex. 260 00:13:03,396 --> 00:13:06,258 It's obvious but no one actually stops to think about it. 261 00:13:06,904 --> 00:13:09,070 We had another convergence of communication and energy 262 00:13:09,187 --> 00:13:12,006 in the early 20th century: first-generation electricity 263 00:13:12,393 --> 00:13:15,704 (telegraph was transitional between the first and second Industrial Revolution), 264 00:13:15,944 --> 00:13:16,972 [and] the telephone. 265 00:13:17,544 --> 00:13:21,421 And then as marketing tools: cinema and radio, and later TV. 266 00:13:21,987 --> 00:13:24,572 This communication/electricity revolution converged 267 00:13:24,707 --> 00:13:28,129 with oil and the internal combustion engine and suburban roll out 268 00:13:28,393 --> 00:13:30,424 to give us a second Industrial Revolution. 269 00:13:30,935 --> 00:13:32,726 Those energies are in sunset now 270 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:36,012 (coal, oil, gas and uranium for that revolution), and 271 00:13:36,307 --> 00:13:39,064 the technologies and infrastructure (that second Industrial Revolution) 272 00:13:39,175 --> 00:13:42,615 is old, senescent and on life support; it collapsed last summer. 273 00:13:44,375 --> 00:13:47,760 We are however on the cusp now of a third Industrial Revolution. 274 00:13:48,461 --> 00:13:51,723 It could get us through the door maybe - maybe, I don't know - 275 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:53,938 to address the enormity of climate change. 276 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:56,480 I don’t know if we'll get there in time. 277 00:13:57,150 --> 00:14:02,006 We had a very powerful communication revolution in the last 15 years: 278 00:14:03,163 --> 00:14:04,652 the personal computer and the Internet, 279 00:14:05,507 --> 00:14:07,944 satellite, wireless and WiFi connectivity. 280 00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:12,030 What is so interesting about this second-generation communication revolution 281 00:14:12,140 --> 00:14:14,295 is it's quite different than the first. I grew up on the first: 282 00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:17,667 centralized communications, top-down. 283 00:14:18,104 --> 00:14:21,975 This second revolution is what we call "distributed" and this is the key word. 284 00:14:22,307 --> 00:14:24,566 People that hear nothing else about what I'm saying: 285 00:14:25,052 --> 00:14:27,150 distributed, distributed, distributed. 286 00:14:27,483 --> 00:14:29,698 Now, two billion young people 287 00:14:30,227 --> 00:14:32,640 can send their own video, audio and text to each other 288 00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:36,227 at the speed of light, open source, peer-to-peer; 289 00:14:36,443 --> 00:14:38,947 it's completely distributed. Think file-sharing, 290 00:14:39,187 --> 00:14:43,113 YouTube, Wikipedia ... It’s a revolution, the blogosphere. 291 00:14:43,766 --> 00:14:47,846 This ICT revolution - communication information revolution - 292 00:14:48,196 --> 00:14:50,203 is just now, in the last year, 293 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:53,858 beginning to converge with the new energy regime: distributed energy. 294 00:14:54,455 --> 00:14:56,467 When distributed communication 295 00:14:56,683 --> 00:14:59,396 converges and begins to manage distributed energy, 296 00:14:59,901 --> 00:15:02,787 we have a powerful third Industrial Revolution 297 00:15:03,236 --> 00:15:05,766 that could jumpstart the global economy, 298 00:15:06,012 --> 00:15:07,692 take us to post-carbon era, 299 00:15:07,860 --> 00:15:11,987 create a sustainable quality of life, if we get there in time. Alright? 300 00:15:12,610 --> 00:15:14,141 So, what are distributed energies? 301 00:15:14,990 --> 00:15:18,756 We have to distinguish them from elite energies, which I grew up on. 302 00:15:18,860 --> 00:15:21,206 Elite energies are coal, oil, gas and uranium 303 00:15:21,316 --> 00:15:23,323 because they're not found in the back yard. 304 00:15:23,513 --> 00:15:25,320 They’re only found in certain places in the world. 305 00:15:25,735 --> 00:15:28,916 So right away they require huge military investments to secure them, 306 00:15:29,212 --> 00:15:30,541 because everyone wants them, 307 00:15:31,046 --> 00:15:33,600 huge geopolitical investments to manage them, 308 00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:34,849 everyone wants them, 309 00:15:35,261 --> 00:15:37,729 and massive capital to organize them. 310 00:15:38,603 --> 00:15:41,723 Coal, oil, gas and uranium are the most centralized elite energies 311 00:15:42,203 --> 00:15:44,116 for complex civilization ever created. 312 00:15:45,090 --> 00:15:46,732 They're on life support. 313 00:15:47,033 --> 00:15:48,781 What are distributed energies? 314 00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,086 After this interview go outside in your home 315 00:15:52,190 --> 00:15:54,289 and you'll have all the energy you need in the back yard. 316 00:15:54,676 --> 00:15:56,695 The Sun shines all over the world every day. 317 00:15:57,809 --> 00:15:59,981 The wind blows across the planet every day. 318 00:16:00,455 --> 00:16:02,676 We have hot earth underneath us; 319 00:16:02,867 --> 00:16:06,129 the core of the Earth is red hot for geothermal heat, everywhere. 320 00:16:06,443 --> 00:16:09,390 We have garbage that can be recycled energy. 321 00:16:09,784 --> 00:16:12,713 We have rural agricultural and forestry waste, into energy. 322 00:16:12,978 --> 00:16:15,298 Wherever you have your water you can have hydroelectricity. 323 00:16:15,618 --> 00:16:18,400 The ocean tides are coming in every day: energy. 324 00:16:18,775 --> 00:16:22,086 So we have what we call distributed energies, renewables. 325 00:16:22,340 --> 00:16:24,338 They're found in every square inch of the water 326 00:16:24,443 --> 00:16:25,950 and land mass of this planet. 327 00:16:26,061 --> 00:16:27,710 So we have to think distributed. 328 00:16:28,006 --> 00:16:29,981 And the way to do that is pillar 2, 329 00:16:30,172 --> 00:16:32,990 and that is everyone listening to this should imagine 330 00:16:33,366 --> 00:16:36,529 that their building they’re in right now, becomes a power plant. 331 00:16:37,501 --> 00:16:41,224 I'm talking about every home, office, factory, technology park, 332 00:16:41,476 --> 00:16:44,996 every single building in this world, in 30 years 333 00:16:45,640 --> 00:16:47,661 is converted to a partial power plant. 334 00:16:48,086 --> 00:16:49,796 So that you can put a solar roof 335 00:16:49,944 --> 00:16:53,661 and suck the sun's energy into your house, into electricity. 336 00:16:53,833 --> 00:16:56,246 You could have vertical wind coming up the wall of your building, 337 00:16:56,529 --> 00:16:57,803 put it into electricity. 338 00:16:58,153 --> 00:17:00,480 The heat under the ground, with a heat pump - geothermal - 339 00:17:00,609 --> 00:17:02,036 turn it into electricity. 340 00:17:02,387 --> 00:17:04,233 The small water supplies near you, 341 00:17:04,344 --> 00:17:06,170 turn it into electricity with hydro. 342 00:17:06,541 --> 00:17:07,710 The rural agricultural waste, 343 00:17:07,846 --> 00:17:10,332 turn it into electricity, and your house collects it. 344 00:17:10,510 --> 00:17:12,787 If your home or your building, your office is on the coast, 345 00:17:12,996 --> 00:17:14,160 ocean tides. 346 00:17:14,375 --> 00:17:15,901 So the buildings, 347 00:17:16,209 --> 00:17:18,855 interesting enough, are the problem - they're also the solution. 348 00:17:19,544 --> 00:17:22,301 A third of the energy used in the world is buildings, 349 00:17:22,418 --> 00:17:24,566 and they commit of a third of the CO2. 350 00:17:25,526 --> 00:17:27,070 They're the number 1 cause of climate change. 351 00:17:27,181 --> 00:17:28,689 By the way, while we’re on this, 352 00:17:28,793 --> 00:17:31,969 the number 3 cause of climate change is worldwide transport. 353 00:17:32,793 --> 00:17:36,215 Does anyone know what the number 2 cause of climate change is? 354 00:17:37,489 --> 00:17:38,707 We never talk about it. 355 00:17:38,929 --> 00:17:41,956 The number 2 cause is meat production, especially beef. 356 00:17:42,227 --> 00:17:44,947 Beef production and consumption is now, 357 00:17:45,058 --> 00:17:48,320 our scientists tell us, the number 2 cause of climate change, 358 00:17:48,732 --> 00:17:52,553 because we have 1.3 billion cows out there, 359 00:17:52,880 --> 00:17:54,880 the methane release is enormous, 360 00:17:55,169 --> 00:17:57,692 and the nitrous oxide from the fertilizers, 361 00:17:58,024 --> 00:18:00,443 and the CO2 from the processing. 362 00:18:01,058 --> 00:18:02,473 What's interesting to me is 363 00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:05,476 not one world leader in 192 countries has made 364 00:18:05,587 --> 00:18:09,021 one sentence statement on the number 2 cause of climate change. 365 00:18:09,267 --> 00:18:12,172 Al Gore, who I deeply respect, 366 00:18:12,369 --> 00:18:14,184 has never made a statement that I know of 367 00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:17,649 on the number 2 cause of climate change. How serious are we? 368 00:18:17,858 --> 00:18:20,410 So, the way to jumpstart the global economy 369 00:18:20,523 --> 00:18:22,781 is construction, construction, construction. 370 00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:25,895 That's when you create millions of jobs. So we're going to have to convert 371 00:18:26,172 --> 00:18:29,132 the existing real estate stock all over the world, 372 00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:32,621 and create new stock that's turned into power plants. 373 00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:35,495 Think mainframe computer, then you had your own desktop. 374 00:18:35,729 --> 00:18:38,855 Think centralized energies, now you produce your own. 375 00:18:39,101 --> 00:18:41,058 That's pillar 2. Then pillar 3. 376 00:18:41,360 --> 00:18:44,387 Pillar 3 is, we had to raise the question in Brussels: 377 00:18:44,947 --> 00:18:46,750 how do we store renewable energy? 378 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:48,935 Because unfortunately the Sun isn’t always shining, 379 00:18:49,889 --> 00:18:51,483 the wind isn't always blowing and sometimes 380 00:18:51,593 --> 00:18:53,723 your water tables are down because of climate droughts, 381 00:18:53,833 --> 00:18:55,396 you have less hydroelectricity. 382 00:18:56,172 --> 00:18:57,692 They’re intermittent energies. 383 00:18:58,080 --> 00:19:00,443 So, we have to think: how do you store these energies 384 00:19:00,553 --> 00:19:04,123 so that you have a safe, secure asset? 385 00:19:05,329 --> 00:19:08,270 We're going to use batteries, flywheels, capacitors, 386 00:19:08,627 --> 00:19:11,249 water pumping, they're all good storage technologies. 387 00:19:11,366 --> 00:19:13,532 But there's one universal technology 388 00:19:14,024 --> 00:19:16,578 that's going to be, I think at the center: it’s hydrogen. 389 00:19:17,370 --> 00:19:19,470 Now we all know that hydrogen's a basic element in the universe; 390 00:19:19,581 --> 00:19:20,652 it’s what were made out of. 391 00:19:21,187 --> 00:19:22,356 It's the lightest element, 392 00:19:22,498 --> 00:19:25,070 when we use as power the byproducts are water and heat. 393 00:19:25,415 --> 00:19:28,363 Now hydrogen's not a basic energy, it carries other energy; 394 00:19:28,570 --> 00:19:29,833 you got to convert other energies. 395 00:19:32,098 --> 00:19:35,224 Our astronauts have literally been circling this planet for 30 years 396 00:19:35,335 --> 00:19:38,375 and I don't think people know this, but you know how they power their spaceships? 397 00:19:38,480 --> 00:19:40,726 The power is hydrogen high-tech fuel cells. 398 00:19:40,935 --> 00:19:42,750 Time to bring it back to the Netherlands and Europe. 399 00:19:42,950 --> 00:19:44,147 Here's how it works. Say you, 400 00:19:44,264 --> 00:19:46,621 in your factory or your office or your home, you're producing 401 00:19:46,935 --> 00:19:48,996 20% of the electricity with a solar roof. 402 00:19:49,520 --> 00:19:52,406 At any one time if you have a little electricity you're not using, 403 00:19:52,584 --> 00:19:54,627 electrolyze water. Remember high school chemistry? 404 00:19:54,738 --> 00:19:56,880 the anode, the cathode, stick it in the water. 405 00:19:57,526 --> 00:19:59,249 The electricity allows the hydrogen to come out, 406 00:19:59,378 --> 00:20:00,738 you store it, in a tank. 407 00:20:01,027 --> 00:20:02,523 When the sun's not hitting your roof, 408 00:20:02,707 --> 00:20:04,209 convert it back to electricity. 409 00:20:04,529 --> 00:20:06,978 Now people say isn't that an energy loss? Of course, 410 00:20:07,132 --> 00:20:08,572 it’s the second law of thermodynamics. 411 00:20:08,775 --> 00:20:11,089 Anytime you ever convert energy, you lose. 412 00:20:11,673 --> 00:20:13,686 That's what the second law of thermodynamics is about. 413 00:20:13,963 --> 00:20:15,975 If people understood how much energy they lose 414 00:20:16,098 --> 00:20:19,298 when we convert coal, oil, gas and uranium, it's through the roof. 415 00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:21,470 Alright? So we need hydrogen storage 416 00:20:21,580 --> 00:20:25,224 and the European Union is committed an 8 billion euro 417 00:20:25,403 --> 00:20:28,227 public-private joint technology initiative this last year, 418 00:20:28,523 --> 00:20:30,916 to put hydrogen storage across buildings 419 00:20:31,101 --> 00:20:32,756 and power and transmission lines. 420 00:20:33,286 --> 00:20:34,929 So, Pillar 1 - renewable energies: 421 00:20:35,033 --> 00:20:37,815 the EU’s committed to a third of the electricity, 20% of the energy. 422 00:20:38,030 --> 00:20:40,849 Pillar 2 - we convert all of our buildings to power plants. 423 00:20:41,212 --> 00:20:43,255 Pillar 3 - we store it with hydrogen, 424 00:20:43,673 --> 00:20:45,612 and then Pillar 4 - this is where that 425 00:20:45,944 --> 00:20:48,233 communication revolution converges with the 426 00:20:48,356 --> 00:20:49,876 distributed energy revolution. 427 00:20:50,947 --> 00:20:54,073 We use the exact same technology that created the Internet; it's identical. 428 00:20:54,350 --> 00:20:57,766 We take the power grid of the Netherlands and the EU and in 25 years, 429 00:20:58,036 --> 00:20:59,858 we convert [those] transmission lines 430 00:21:00,129 --> 00:21:02,941 into an inter-grid, an intelligent utility network 431 00:21:03,052 --> 00:21:04,781 that exactly operates like the Internet. 432 00:21:04,916 --> 00:21:06,123 The technology’s already here. 433 00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:08,984 So that, let’s say millions and millions of buildings 434 00:21:09,113 --> 00:21:11,673 across Europe are producing just a little bit of their own electricity. 435 00:21:11,833 --> 00:21:14,369 If they don't need some of it during peak or off hours, 436 00:21:14,652 --> 00:21:17,550 they can store it with hydrogen, like we store digital and media, 437 00:21:17,698 --> 00:21:20,276 convert it back to electricity, share it across Europe. 438 00:21:21,058 --> 00:21:24,203 Share it across Europe: this is distributed capitalism. 439 00:21:24,418 --> 00:21:26,947 What this does is it answers a question 440 00:21:27,058 --> 00:21:29,784 we couldn't answer for 30 years, and this is really critical. 441 00:21:30,203 --> 00:21:33,593 For 30 years governments that I advise would say “Mr. Rifkin, 442 00:21:34,972 --> 00:21:37,507 we like windmills and solar roofs, 443 00:21:37,624 --> 00:21:40,067 and all of the things you're talking about, but how the heck are you going to run 444 00:21:40,178 --> 00:21:44,800 a global economy on windmill, solar roofs, garbage, ocean tides, waste? 445 00:21:45,667 --> 00:21:46,763 They're soft energy. 446 00:21:46,947 --> 00:21:48,855 They’re important, we'll put them in, 447 00:21:49,033 --> 00:21:51,046 but you can never substitute for hard energy 448 00:21:51,156 --> 00:21:52,984 which is coal, oil, gas and uranium. 449 00:21:53,212 --> 00:21:56,763 That gives you the energy to run a global, highly industrial economy.” 450 00:21:58,036 --> 00:21:59,753 For 30 years we couldn’t answer that question. 451 00:22:00,110 --> 00:22:01,772 We had an intuition we were on the right track 452 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,738 because those old energies are elite, they’re finite, 453 00:22:04,929 --> 00:22:07,181 they create pollution, and they're running out. 454 00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,009 The new energies are everywhere, 455 00:22:09,476 --> 00:22:11,716 [and] they're basically free, you just have to harness them. 456 00:22:12,215 --> 00:22:15,649 But we didn't get the answer until our IT friends came up 457 00:22:15,753 --> 00:22:17,335 with second-generation grid IT, 458 00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:19,913 which you know is the cutting edge revolution in IT; 459 00:22:20,061 --> 00:22:21,378 it's only 7 years old. 460 00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:24,467 Now the IT revolution, they now have software 461 00:22:24,570 --> 00:22:27,753 that allows us to connect hundreds of thousands or millions 462 00:22:28,024 --> 00:22:29,833 of desktop computers; they can connect them. 463 00:22:30,443 --> 00:22:32,867 When they connect them the distributed computing power 464 00:22:32,972 --> 00:22:35,052 of these little desktop computers - millions of them - 465 00:22:35,796 --> 00:22:37,372 exceeds anything you can imagine 466 00:22:37,704 --> 00:22:40,584 with the most centralized supercomputers you could ever put online. 467 00:22:41,120 --> 00:22:44,683 We can take grid IT now to the power and transmission lines for energy. 468 00:22:44,886 --> 00:22:48,307 If you have millions and millions and millions of buildings across the EU 469 00:22:48,510 --> 00:22:52,307 producing just little amounts of their electricity from local renewables, 470 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,452 if some of it they don't need the share it across a smart grid, 471 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:56,935 an inter-grid, 472 00:22:57,273 --> 00:23:00,412 the amount of distributed energy exceeds anything you can ever imagine 473 00:23:00,750 --> 00:23:02,578 with nuclear and coal-fired power plants. 474 00:23:03,033 --> 00:23:04,570 Everyone under 40 gets it. 475 00:23:05,175 --> 00:23:07,138 Everyone over 40 has a little problem with it. 476 00:23:07,360 --> 00:23:10,818 The music companies did not understand file sharing: distributed. 477 00:23:10,996 --> 00:23:14,892 It wiped out the music companies in 7 years, 8 years! 478 00:23:15,809 --> 00:23:18,326 Microsoft laughed at Linux: 479 00:23:18,541 --> 00:23:20,320 said a bunch of hippies from Scandinavia. 480 00:23:20,443 --> 00:23:23,883 Open source? what is it? They didn't understand the power of distributed. 481 00:23:24,670 --> 00:23:27,150 Encyclopedia paid no attention to Wikipedia. 482 00:23:27,261 --> 00:23:28,836 Now Wikipedia is the giant on the block; 483 00:23:28,947 --> 00:23:31,600 it's all distributed now, it's collaborative spaces. 484 00:23:32,116 --> 00:23:37,415 The newspapers did not understand the blogosphere: distributed. 485 00:23:37,723 --> 00:23:39,710 Now the newspapers are becoming blogs, 486 00:23:39,852 --> 00:23:42,750 and even television now has to rely on the Internet. 487 00:23:43,107 --> 00:23:45,901 So, what I'm saying is that powerful revolution now is about 488 00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:47,446 to go to the next stage which is to 489 00:23:48,055 --> 00:23:51,590 connect with distributed energy, so we have power to the people. 490 00:23:52,010 --> 00:23:54,615 In other words you don't have to rely on far-off geopolitical powers. 491 00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:57,193 You can leap ahead and create your own energy locally, 492 00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:00,781 put your microgrids together, and leapfrog into this. 493 00:24:01,156 --> 00:24:04,541 This way we can create some form of sustainable justice, 494 00:24:04,990 --> 00:24:07,569 because the injustice here is that 495 00:24:07,690 --> 00:24:10,670 the real beneficiaries of the first and second Industrial Revolutions 496 00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:12,443 were the northern industrial countries. 497 00:24:12,849 --> 00:24:16,301 The first victims of climate change, because of the nature of the planet, 498 00:24:16,516 --> 00:24:17,895 is south of the Equator. 499 00:24:18,227 --> 00:24:19,993 So everyone's going to Copenhagen saying 500 00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:21,815 “What about the developing countries?" Well you have to have 501 00:24:21,920 --> 00:24:24,369 an economic game plan that works, 502 00:24:24,701 --> 00:24:28,233 that creates new opportunity, and it's practical and can be put in place. 503 00:24:28,443 --> 00:24:30,230 So what we need to do is we need to 504 00:24:30,344 --> 00:24:33,427 begin to move from geopolitics - that's Copenhagen - 505 00:24:33,870 --> 00:24:36,572 to biosphere politics, after Copenhagen. 506 00:24:36,843 --> 00:24:40,098 Geopolitics is everyone's coming to Copenhagen and fighting each other, 507 00:24:40,660 --> 00:24:44,270 competing, in that old idea that human nature is self-interest, 508 00:24:44,381 --> 00:24:46,406 it's me against you, it's win-lose, 509 00:24:46,683 --> 00:24:49,649 geopolitics, post-West failure: it's going to fail. 510 00:24:50,578 --> 00:24:53,600 Because the reality is we're in one biosphere. 511 00:24:54,209 --> 00:24:56,000 We're all interdependent and connected. 512 00:24:56,295 --> 00:24:58,658 We all depend on each other for our survival. 513 00:24:58,892 --> 00:25:02,387 It all serves like one big organism, the biosphere; 514 00:25:02,627 --> 00:25:04,067 that's not just a metaphor. 515 00:25:04,363 --> 00:25:08,240 We have to move from geopolitics to biosphere politics, 516 00:25:08,541 --> 00:25:10,338 we have to think as a human species, 517 00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:12,258 we have to think as homo sapiens, 518 00:25:12,406 --> 00:25:14,116 we have to create global consciousness, 519 00:25:14,233 --> 00:25:16,960 if we're going to move this third Industrial Revolution 520 00:25:17,249 --> 00:25:20,480 and create a new civilization, and empathic civilization. 521 00:25:20,806 --> 00:25:22,018 It can be done. 522 00:25:22,203 --> 00:25:24,892 The Netherlands has an enormous opportunity here. 523 00:25:25,513 --> 00:25:27,027 An enormous opportunity. 524 00:25:27,273 --> 00:25:28,732 Because the Netherlands is 525 00:25:29,415 --> 00:25:32,141 going to be the first victim of climate change in Europe, for sure. 526 00:25:33,020 --> 00:25:36,141 But secondly, the Netherlands has always been a country 527 00:25:36,250 --> 00:25:39,070 that understands how to balance the market and social model, 528 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:42,769 and the dream is quality of life - that's the Netherlands. 529 00:25:42,978 --> 00:25:45,852 The Netherlands has always been more advanced than other countries on 530 00:25:46,935 --> 00:25:50,098 more tolerance, more openness, more inclusivity, 531 00:25:50,295 --> 00:25:52,240 because it began as a great sea power and trading power 532 00:25:52,350 --> 00:25:56,055 so it's much more cosmopolitan. So it has the mental ingredients, 533 00:25:56,289 --> 00:25:58,676 it has the challenge of climate change, 534 00:25:58,923 --> 00:26:01,150 and it's been fairly far advanced on 535 00:26:01,550 --> 00:26:03,673 renewable energies and the new technologies. 536 00:26:04,104 --> 00:26:06,270 What I would like to do, I would love to sit down with 537 00:26:06,387 --> 00:26:08,061 the Prime Minister and his cabinet 538 00:26:08,252 --> 00:26:10,707 (I advise many heads of state in Europe, 539 00:26:11,236 --> 00:26:14,203 Zapatero in Spain, Chancellor Merkel in Germany), I’d love to sit down 540 00:26:14,541 --> 00:26:16,984 with him and our global companies and our Dutch companies, 541 00:26:17,427 --> 00:26:19,673 and say: how do we create at the 542 00:26:19,944 --> 00:26:21,944 the Netherlands level and the federal level, 543 00:26:22,283 --> 00:26:24,283 the kinds of codes, regulations and standards 544 00:26:24,393 --> 00:26:27,655 that would get rid of all the red tape, and let this thing move? 545 00:26:27,926 --> 00:26:30,929 Then how do we create the financial incentives at the federal level 546 00:26:31,230 --> 00:26:32,812 that would allow the regions and metropolitans 547 00:26:32,923 --> 00:26:34,781 to move on this third Industrial Revolution? 548 00:26:35,415 --> 00:26:37,052 And the question I would ask the government is: 549 00:26:37,175 --> 00:26:39,310 where do you want the Netherlands to be in 20 years? 550 00:26:39,772 --> 00:26:42,935 In the sunset energies and industries of a second Industrial Revolution 551 00:26:43,132 --> 00:26:44,412 that's on life support? 552 00:26:45,329 --> 00:26:48,615 Or in the sunrise energies and industries of a third Industrial Revolution 553 00:26:48,984 --> 00:26:50,738 that gives us a sustainable future? 554 00:26:51,083 --> 00:26:54,252 The federal government can clear the way on codes, regulations and standards, 555 00:26:54,363 --> 00:26:56,381 provide incentives, provide direction. 556 00:26:56,676 --> 00:26:59,169 The regions can then create their own master plans 557 00:26:59,415 --> 00:27:00,923 to lay down these four pillars, 558 00:27:01,070 --> 00:27:02,818 as we're beginning to do in other regions. 559 00:27:03,003 --> 00:27:05,427 Together they create a cooperative partnership, 560 00:27:05,784 --> 00:27:09,273 and I think the Netherlands could be a major, major player 561 00:27:09,606 --> 00:27:12,578 in advancing the third Industrial Revolution across the EU, 562 00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:17,396 and for many reasons across the world. I hope it happens.